Matter : Basic of Chemistry

 Origin of Word Chemistry

Before 18th Century, People was using word "Alchemy" that was taken from Greek word which means "Magic". After 18th Century, A Scientist name Antoine L. Lavoisier gave word "Chemistry" that was taken from Greek word call "Chemia" which means Black Matter. 

What is Chemistry ?

Study of matter is called Chemistry.

About Antoine L. Lavoisier

Antoine L. Lavoisier is Father of Chemistry and His wife call Mother of Chemistry. His book was "Elements of Chemistry". He discovered Oxygen, Hydrogen. He gave "symbol of Elements and Law of Conservation of Mass".    

What is Matter?

Anything which have Mass and Occupy Space is called Matter.

Note: Air is also Matter.

What is Smallest Unit of Matter ?

According to John Dalton, Smallest Unit of Matter is Atom. His Limitation was Atom can not be divided further.

How many Physical State of Matter?

There are 5 Physical State of Matter that is Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma, Bose-Einstein Condensate.

Attraction Force between Atom = Solid > Liquid > Gas.

Density = Solid > Liquid > Gas.

Solid has Definite Shape and Size but in Liquid and Gas is not Definite.

Note : Density of any Liquid is measured by Hydrometer.

Conversion of Solid, Liquid, Gas.

Changes in Temperature causes Conversion of States into Solid to Liquid, Liquid to Gas, Gas to Solid and Vice-Versa.

The Process of changing from Solid to Liquid is Called Fusion or Melting.

The Process of changing from Liquid to Solid  is Called Freezing or Solidification.

The Process of changing from Liquid to Gas is Called Evaporation or Vaporization.

Example : Formation of Cloud.

The Process of changing from Gas to Liquid is Called Condensation.

Example : Raining.

The Process of changing from Solid to Gas is Called Sublimation.

Example : Camphor, Iodine, Ammonium Chloride, Dry ice.

The Process of changing from Gas to Solid is Called Deposition.

Example : Frost.

Note : Freezing point of water is 0 Degree Celsius.

           Boiling point of water is 100 Degree Celsius. 

           Maximum Density of water is 1000 kg/m³ at 4 Degree Celsius.

What is Plasma State ?

This state was discovered by Irwin Langmuir in 1920. This state come when Gas state is heated up at 2000 degree Celsius result of Electron and Proton go out from atom and settle positive and negative charge on beaker which gas has positive and negative charge is called Ionized Gas and Spark generate when these negative and positive charges collide with each other these spark is called Plasma. 

Example : Sun, Star, Tube light, Welding, Thunderstorm.

Note : Matter is present in the form of Plasma state in most Abundant

What is Bose Einstein Condensate ?

This is Fifth state of Matter. It was discovered by Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein in 1925. When matter keep at very low temperature (-273 Degree Celsius) result of Atom of matter freeze. This temperature is called Absolute Zero Temperature.

Atom is one lakh times greater than Nucleus. 

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